180 Line Of Action/Rule:
During conversation with two characters, you must only film on one side of the line, at 180 degrees, this means both characters must be in full view of the camera. Camera angles can be altered to close ups, medium shots etc. This means prevention of filming in 360 degrees due to the set changing and the characters flipping sides, as this makes the audience disengage with your film, due to a sudden change of place, creating a sense of disorientation.
Shot-reverse Shot:
In the middle of a conversation, changing shots from a close up of one person to the close up of another, alternates between them whilst they speak, allowing the viewers to establish conversation and engagement, due to a differentiation in shot types.
Match On Action/Match Cut:
The brain follows movement automatically as it detects things continuously. By using different movements, it creates diversions preventing viewers from paying attention into one scene fully. For example; using a long shot to show people sitting down and a person walking to the chair, the shot changes to close up as the person sat down, this makes the scene less noticeable as the audience pay attention to the movement and not the cut used.
Cinematography:
Cinematography itself means the use of 24 frames a second in one scene. There are minimum and maximum, for example;
minimum- using less frames may create a disordered effect, as images tend to jump in a askewed manner, rather than flow correctly
maximum- using more frames may allow the film to seem far fetched, making the film unbearable to watch, this makes the viewers hard to focus as there are too many things happening.
Overexposed:
Allowing more lighting in the shot creates an effect that may make the viewers feel thrilled and excited for further occurrences.
Underexposed:
Enabling less lighting in the shot may create spooky, shadowy, mystery and scary effect to allow the viewers to feel like they are taking part in the film.
Blue Filter:
Developing a blue filter as a camera effect constructs an unwelcome perception from the viewers perspective to create a sense of an abnormal feature, usually out of the world, for example used in Scio-Fi.
Red Filter:
Adding a red filter as a camera effect commands the viewers see danger is about to occur, for example used during a horror movie, to create a gory effect, as red connotes a sense of mortality, via blood.
Speed Of Motion:
This determines how many frames are used in one scene per second, as the correct amount shows that the scene flows smoothly and clear or the incorrect amount creates a poor and unbearable scene to watch.
Speeding Up Deliberately:
This allows the scene to look more ghostly and distorted and may also cover a space of time not shown in great detail for the viewer to focus upon, creating an abnormality.
Slowing Down:
This allows the viewers to see things they wouldn't pay attention to as the camera goes quite fast naturally, therefore this allows time for the viewers to see details needed.
Wide Angle Lens:
Using a wide angle camera shot allows the viewers to get a wider picture to save panning across a scene, the short focal length also shows differences in distances.
Normal Lens:
Using this camera shot allows you to see what our eyes normally see, this is most commonly used in films.
Vanishing Point:
This is a parallel line shot that eventually ends in the eye line view.
Telephoto:
This magnifies the image or scene to be bigger or closer, this also allows you to see further away and enables things to look closer together and can be used to compress depths.
Zoom:
There are two types of zooms, in and out; zooming in allows you to see things in detail and zooming out allows you to see the surroundings and imagery as a whole.
Depth of Focus:
This is the nearest point in focus and the furthest point in focus. The nearest point in focus allows you to focus on something closer to you and the furthest point in focus allows you to focus on something far away. In the sense of filming this is used to point out things in detail.
Shallow Focus:
This shows everything out of focus but one person or an item, in focus, to perhaps create a sense of isolation and loneliness, as only one part of the frame is in focus alone.
Pulling Focus:
Changing focus from one point to another such as an object starting blurry then coming into focus, allows you to depict things in the shot, and pay attention on one item or character to another.
Deep Focus:
This focuses on having only 2 points in focus, perhaps used to show a discussion between two people of something/someone of who is out of focus. In deep focus the foreground, middle-ground and background are all in focus.
Framing-High Angle:
This type of shot is done by using a tripod in a high position to be able to shoot facing down on a character to represent vulnerability, and a sense of being little and not powerful, alongside ideas of separation and isolation.
Low Angle:
Camera angle pointing upwards, from a low angle to represent power/dominance, perhaps used for high class/representations.
Extreme Low Angle to Extreme High Angle:
This may be used to show differences between two characters from a higher class to lower class.
Canted Angle:
Deliberately shot on the edge and diagonally to show something is distorted and perhaps foreshadowing the deterioration of the film.
Low Height Shot:
This is used to conceal a character's identity, by usually filming from low point to high point on a character, for example starting a shot via the shoes/feet to the head/face.
High Height Shot:
This is done by taking a shot from head height to show happenings from a higher angle.
Distance Of Framing Extreme Long Shot (EXLS):
This is used to show where the the film was set to provide expectations of the film, by establishing setting/scene, to orientate the viewers into the place of shooting.
Long Shot (LS):
This is used to show characters from head to foot to identify the background in relation to themselves, perhaps to represent a character by place, for example a rough degraded area for a person of a lower class.
Medium Long Shot (MLS):
This is used to show characters from ankles/knees up to perhaps compare a character to another to establish their differences, or introduce a character.
Medium Shot (MS):
Closer than medium long shot, this shot is used to show a conversation between two or more characters, or establish the character from a different angle.
Medium Close Ups (MCU):
This is used to show detail in conversation such as reaction, emotion and feelings from a character, specifically their facial expressions, such as reaction shots.
Close Ups (CU):
This is shown by only head, hands and feet, to depict detail, to perhaps make the viewers focus on something important to the plot.
Extreme Close Ups (EXCU):
This is shown by filming from the mouth, one eye or tiny detail, to perhaps present isolation by the trigger of a gun etc. to show suspense/fear, this is usually used in horror.
Mobile Framing:
This is use to show movements, by framing portably.
Pan:
This shot shows movements across a scene, by a wide view to perhaps show how big/ the intensity of the object and used to follow motion, via tracking. This can also be used with a tripod to create smooth movements.
Tilt:
This is shown from an up and down wide view, to perhaps show how high something is,such as buildings vertically. It is also used to show detail close up, to create a disorderly sense.
Tracking/Dolly Shot:
This is not done on a tripod, it is mounted upon something containing wheels, this is also used to follow something or someone, or perhaps show how long something is. The benefits of this are the portability of being able to move the device.
Hand Held Shot:
This is used as a point of view shot, documentary like, it appears to be as a person is filming in a trembling movement.
Crane Shot:
This is done with an actual crane to introduce new characters or setting. It can be done from higher/lower place, up and down, vertically and can be hand held on a seesaw or plank with a weight.
Helicopter Shot:
This is done with an actual helicopter or controlled remote in the sky, similar to a crane shot but in the sky.
Dolly In/Zoom Out:
This is used by moving forward and zooming out at the same time to show detail or emotions, thoughts, almost disorientating the viewers.
Cut:
This is two shots cut and joined together, immediately following on.This used to create pace and flow to show the order of events straight after another, in chronological order.
Fade Out/ In:
This is used to fade one film off to black and fade another from black. It is also used to show passage of time such as the 'next day', '10 years later'. Furthermore it is used to show a change in location as it fades and misses uninteresting time to place the character elsewhere.
Dissolve/ Mix:
This is done with images on the screen fading out as other images fades in to replace it. This may be used to change location and keep the pace smoother.
Wipe:
This is shown in vertical/ horizontal or diagonal shoot with another shot coming in by a wipe over it. Wiping is used to indicate a passage of time or change in location. It may be used during action to appear less obvious for example, as someone walks, a wipe is used alongside at the same pace as they disappear off the shot.
Iris:
A circular shape appearing to close a scene to black then open a scene to show another circular object such as the human eye, this may be used again, for the passage of time, or change in location or space. It can also be use to show a character's thoughts.
Methods Of Editing
Graphic Editing:
Graphic editing has to appear as smooth as possible with similar lighting and colour as this involves the fading of a shape into a similar shape, shade and tone. The positioning on the screen must be kept the same throughout to prevent an obvious cut in the film.
Rhythmic Editing:
When shots are related and are used to control film pace. A shot's physical length corresponds to a measurable duration as its rhythmic function occurs when several shot lengths form a discernible pattern. Each being equal lengths will create a steady metrical beat.
Spacial Editing:
Spacial editing is when two shots are combined to show space or location and represent a character or the background in relation to them, to acknowledge the viewers about context and experience or circumstances.
Cross Cutting:
This is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time, and usually in a similar place. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action to another action, which can suggest the simultaneity of these two actions, however this is not always the case.
Temporal Editing:
Overlapping editing involves the extension of time to build up tension and add drama to make a scene exciting or intense for the viewers to watch.
Elliptical Editing:
Elliptical editing is when an action on the screen takes less time than it would in real life, the purpose of this is to cut out irrelevant time and then cut to an action side of the film to make it interesting.
Jump Cut:
A Jump cut is used to show travel from one place to another, to create a distorted feeling, for example this may be used during scenes where people are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
Sound Terminology
Diegetic:
This originates from the source in the scene, on or off screen. It can also be heard by characters on the set, for example a car engine starting.
Non-diegetic:
This wouldn't be heard naturally in the scene as it is added through editing such as music or a voice over. This cannot be heard by characters.
Dialogue:
Words spoken by actors/cast as a paralinguistic features.
Internal monologue:
This is type of narration, performed by a character. It is similar to a diegetic sound, however this is used to present a characters though process.
Voice Over:
This represents unseen characters over related images to the dialogue performed.
minimum- using less frames may create a disordered effect, as images tend to jump in a askewed manner, rather than flow correctly
maximum- using more frames may allow the film to seem far fetched, making the film unbearable to watch, this makes the viewers hard to focus as there are too many things happening.
Overexposed:
Allowing more lighting in the shot creates an effect that may make the viewers feel thrilled and excited for further occurrences.
Underexposed:
Enabling less lighting in the shot may create spooky, shadowy, mystery and scary effect to allow the viewers to feel like they are taking part in the film.
Blue Filter:
Developing a blue filter as a camera effect constructs an unwelcome perception from the viewers perspective to create a sense of an abnormal feature, usually out of the world, for example used in Scio-Fi.
Red Filter:
Adding a red filter as a camera effect commands the viewers see danger is about to occur, for example used during a horror movie, to create a gory effect, as red connotes a sense of mortality, via blood.
Speed Of Motion:
This determines how many frames are used in one scene per second, as the correct amount shows that the scene flows smoothly and clear or the incorrect amount creates a poor and unbearable scene to watch.
Speeding Up Deliberately:
This allows the scene to look more ghostly and distorted and may also cover a space of time not shown in great detail for the viewer to focus upon, creating an abnormality.
Slowing Down:
This allows the viewers to see things they wouldn't pay attention to as the camera goes quite fast naturally, therefore this allows time for the viewers to see details needed.
Wide Angle Lens:
Using a wide angle camera shot allows the viewers to get a wider picture to save panning across a scene, the short focal length also shows differences in distances.
Normal Lens:
Using this camera shot allows you to see what our eyes normally see, this is most commonly used in films.
Vanishing Point:
This is a parallel line shot that eventually ends in the eye line view.
Telephoto:
This magnifies the image or scene to be bigger or closer, this also allows you to see further away and enables things to look closer together and can be used to compress depths.
Zoom:
There are two types of zooms, in and out; zooming in allows you to see things in detail and zooming out allows you to see the surroundings and imagery as a whole.
Depth of Focus:
This is the nearest point in focus and the furthest point in focus. The nearest point in focus allows you to focus on something closer to you and the furthest point in focus allows you to focus on something far away. In the sense of filming this is used to point out things in detail.
Shallow Focus:
This shows everything out of focus but one person or an item, in focus, to perhaps create a sense of isolation and loneliness, as only one part of the frame is in focus alone.
Pulling Focus:
Changing focus from one point to another such as an object starting blurry then coming into focus, allows you to depict things in the shot, and pay attention on one item or character to another.
Deep Focus:
This focuses on having only 2 points in focus, perhaps used to show a discussion between two people of something/someone of who is out of focus. In deep focus the foreground, middle-ground and background are all in focus.
Framing-High Angle:
This type of shot is done by using a tripod in a high position to be able to shoot facing down on a character to represent vulnerability, and a sense of being little and not powerful, alongside ideas of separation and isolation.
Low Angle:
Camera angle pointing upwards, from a low angle to represent power/dominance, perhaps used for high class/representations.
Extreme Low Angle to Extreme High Angle:
This may be used to show differences between two characters from a higher class to lower class.
Canted Angle:
Deliberately shot on the edge and diagonally to show something is distorted and perhaps foreshadowing the deterioration of the film.
Low Height Shot:
This is used to conceal a character's identity, by usually filming from low point to high point on a character, for example starting a shot via the shoes/feet to the head/face.
High Height Shot:
This is done by taking a shot from head height to show happenings from a higher angle.
Distance Of Framing Extreme Long Shot (EXLS):
This is used to show where the the film was set to provide expectations of the film, by establishing setting/scene, to orientate the viewers into the place of shooting.
Long Shot (LS):
This is used to show characters from head to foot to identify the background in relation to themselves, perhaps to represent a character by place, for example a rough degraded area for a person of a lower class.
Medium Long Shot (MLS):
This is used to show characters from ankles/knees up to perhaps compare a character to another to establish their differences, or introduce a character.
Medium Shot (MS):
Closer than medium long shot, this shot is used to show a conversation between two or more characters, or establish the character from a different angle.
Medium Close Ups (MCU):
This is used to show detail in conversation such as reaction, emotion and feelings from a character, specifically their facial expressions, such as reaction shots.
Close Ups (CU):
This is shown by only head, hands and feet, to depict detail, to perhaps make the viewers focus on something important to the plot.
Extreme Close Ups (EXCU):
This is shown by filming from the mouth, one eye or tiny detail, to perhaps present isolation by the trigger of a gun etc. to show suspense/fear, this is usually used in horror.
Mobile Framing:
This is use to show movements, by framing portably.
Pan:
This shot shows movements across a scene, by a wide view to perhaps show how big/ the intensity of the object and used to follow motion, via tracking. This can also be used with a tripod to create smooth movements.
Tilt:
This is shown from an up and down wide view, to perhaps show how high something is,such as buildings vertically. It is also used to show detail close up, to create a disorderly sense.
Tracking/Dolly Shot:
This is not done on a tripod, it is mounted upon something containing wheels, this is also used to follow something or someone, or perhaps show how long something is. The benefits of this are the portability of being able to move the device.
Hand Held Shot:
This is used as a point of view shot, documentary like, it appears to be as a person is filming in a trembling movement.
Crane Shot:
This is done with an actual crane to introduce new characters or setting. It can be done from higher/lower place, up and down, vertically and can be hand held on a seesaw or plank with a weight.
Helicopter Shot:
This is done with an actual helicopter or controlled remote in the sky, similar to a crane shot but in the sky.
Dolly In/Zoom Out:
This is used by moving forward and zooming out at the same time to show detail or emotions, thoughts, almost disorientating the viewers.
Cut:
This is two shots cut and joined together, immediately following on.This used to create pace and flow to show the order of events straight after another, in chronological order.
Fade Out/ In:
This is used to fade one film off to black and fade another from black. It is also used to show passage of time such as the 'next day', '10 years later'. Furthermore it is used to show a change in location as it fades and misses uninteresting time to place the character elsewhere.
Dissolve/ Mix:
This is done with images on the screen fading out as other images fades in to replace it. This may be used to change location and keep the pace smoother.
Wipe:
This is shown in vertical/ horizontal or diagonal shoot with another shot coming in by a wipe over it. Wiping is used to indicate a passage of time or change in location. It may be used during action to appear less obvious for example, as someone walks, a wipe is used alongside at the same pace as they disappear off the shot.
Iris:
A circular shape appearing to close a scene to black then open a scene to show another circular object such as the human eye, this may be used again, for the passage of time, or change in location or space. It can also be use to show a character's thoughts.
Methods Of Editing
Graphic Editing:
Graphic editing has to appear as smooth as possible with similar lighting and colour as this involves the fading of a shape into a similar shape, shade and tone. The positioning on the screen must be kept the same throughout to prevent an obvious cut in the film.
Rhythmic Editing:
When shots are related and are used to control film pace. A shot's physical length corresponds to a measurable duration as its rhythmic function occurs when several shot lengths form a discernible pattern. Each being equal lengths will create a steady metrical beat.
Spacial Editing:
Spacial editing is when two shots are combined to show space or location and represent a character or the background in relation to them, to acknowledge the viewers about context and experience or circumstances.
Cross Cutting:
This is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time, and usually in a similar place. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action to another action, which can suggest the simultaneity of these two actions, however this is not always the case.
Temporal Editing:
Overlapping editing involves the extension of time to build up tension and add drama to make a scene exciting or intense for the viewers to watch.
Elliptical Editing:
Elliptical editing is when an action on the screen takes less time than it would in real life, the purpose of this is to cut out irrelevant time and then cut to an action side of the film to make it interesting.
Jump Cut:
A Jump cut is used to show travel from one place to another, to create a distorted feeling, for example this may be used during scenes where people are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
Sound Terminology
Diegetic:
This originates from the source in the scene, on or off screen. It can also be heard by characters on the set, for example a car engine starting.
Non-diegetic:
This wouldn't be heard naturally in the scene as it is added through editing such as music or a voice over. This cannot be heard by characters.
Dialogue:
Words spoken by actors/cast as a paralinguistic features.
Internal monologue:
This is type of narration, performed by a character. It is similar to a diegetic sound, however this is used to present a characters though process.
Voice Over:
This represents unseen characters over related images to the dialogue performed.
No comments:
Post a Comment